Great pie dough is easy for some and a quest for others. Flour, salt, butter, water — how can it be so challenging? Sometimes, recipes call for one extra ingredient: a splash of vinegar in the cold water that brings the pie dough together.
What does that vinegar do? The most common answer — that it affects gluten development — isn't actually that useful. If you had a mass spectrometer at home, you could measure the teensy difference vinegar makes in the tensile strength of gluten strands in the dough, which in theory makes it a bit more tender.
But there are two much more important perks to using vinegar: it provides a little insurance against overworking the dough. And, that splash of vinegar will keep your dough from oxidizing and turning gray.
To watch the oxidation process play out, I made twobatches of ourAll-Butter Pie Crustand mixed 1 tablespoon of vinegar into the ice water of the second batch.
Here's the same recipe after three days. The water-only version has become noticeably grayer. It was also a bit more slack to work with when rolled out.
What happens if your dough is gray and oxidized, and you bake it anyway? Good news. It'll be fine. While the oxidized dough was a little floppier to work withand didn't hold the pattern of the pie top cutters, the look and flavor of the baked dough were pretty much the same.
In the end, if you prepped your dough without vinegar, forgot about it, andworry you'll have to start over, fear not. Use your gray dough and give it a little egg wash on top before baking.
Pie dough best practices
The biggest determining factor in the quality of your pie crust is the technique used to make it. Vinegar, buttermilk, lemon juice, and vodka all change the interaction of the liquid and gluten in the dough. But the difference between a dough with acid in it and one without (when made with the same technique) is infinitesimal. In other words,no ingredient can cure poor execution.
So remember the essential rules of pie baking:
Keep your fat cold, and leave half of it in larger chunks, bigger than you think they should be.
Addliquid, but not too much.
Fold the dough to bring it together, and don't be anxious if it's a little crumbly, as long as it feels damp.
This is where overworking is a risk; as long as the dough is mostly holding together, you don't need to spend a lot of time kneading it.
Chill in disks with round, smooth edges. If you do, you'll get smooth edges when you roll it out.
When it comes to pie dough, practice makes perfect. The most essential pastry ingredient is confidence. But if you're a busy baker and aren't sure when you'll be making the leap from dough to oven, a little splash of vinegar (or lemon juice) in your recipe is a good idea.
If you're a visual learner, check out the video tutorials in our Pie Baking Guide.
Our thanks to Anne Mientka for the photos in this post.
Apple Cider Vinegar: Adding vinegar to your pie dough helps prevent gluten formation and keep it tender. Some recipes will also use vodka. This is a totally optional addition, and you are welcome to use all water here if you like.
Firstly, vinegar helps our baked goods rise and create an airy texture by reacting with baking soda. When vinegar reacts with baking soda, it creates carbon dioxide bubbles, which act as leavening agents.
The alcohol in the vodka and the acid in the vinegar both help to prevent excess gluten from forming, which would result in a tougher crust. We took a cue from this recipe for Cinnamon Crumble Apple Pie and tried cider vinegar. We loved the subtle tang it lends to the dough.
Vinegar may have several functions in baked goods: Leavening agent: aids in leavening when used with a base (baking powder) to produce carbon dioxide. Acidulant: decreases pH aiding in meringue stabilization. Antimicrobial agent or preservative: helps control mold and bacterial growth by reducing the pH.
The acidic properties of vinegar inhibit gluten, some will say. This theory proposes that once the water and flour are combined, gluten starts forming, causing the dough to grow tough. Adding an acid, the theory goes, stops the gluten in its tracks and rescues the crust from toughness.
But if that fat starts to melt and mixes with the flour, it can start to develop gluten, which can lead to a tough crust. To prevent this, keep everything as cold as possible. Some bakers go so far as to put ingredients and equipment in the fridge or freezer before making pie crust.
What Does Vinegar Pie Taste Like? No, vinegar pie is not bitter, tart, or sour. In fact, it's sweet! The flavor of your pie is a bit dependent on the type of vinegar you use (more on that below), but the combination of fruit vinegar, sugar, lemon juice, and butter creates a sweet, slightly lemony, and even juicy pie.
Baking soda becomes activated when it's combined with both an acidic ingredient and a liquid. Upon activation, carbon dioxide is produced, which allows baked goods to rise and become light and fluffy (1).
The general rule of thumb for an egg wash is one well-beaten whole egg plus one to two tablespoons of water. More water will lighten the golden color, or for a shinier pie, you can substitute the water with cream or milk. Sometimes, an egg wash is made with just yolks for extra color—or just whites for extra shine.
Now, don't confuse distilled with basic white vinegar, which is stronger and has up to 25% acetic acid. That vinegar is sold exclusively for cleaning purposes and is not a good idea to ingest. However, beyond cooking, distilled white vinegar can be used for many of the same household chores.
For 1 tablespoon of apple cider vinegar, substitute 1 tablespoon of lemon juice, one tablespoon of lime juice, or 2 tablespoons of white wine. These substitutes won't give you the same health benefits, but they will come close to the intended flavor in recipes.
To prevent the pie crust from puffing up too much while blind baking, prick the pie crust with a fork. Space the markings every inch around the crust to create air holes for the steam to escape.
Vinegar is often used in baking to act as a leavening agent. As vinegar is acidic, it reacts with baking soda to oxidise - creating bubbles which helps recipes to rise, giving them a light and airy texture. Apple cider vinegar can be used as a leaver in cakes, cookies, pancakes and more.
But let's not underestimate the egg wash, a small but important step that gives the crust its shine. Lending countless baked goods (pie crust, pastries, breads, and more) a glistening golden shell, an egg wash also helps seal the dough, providing a protective barrier from the heat of the oven.
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